 |
The Wreck of the Red Arrow: An American Train Tragedy |
| “Just after 3 am on February 18, 1947, a crack passenger train of the Pennsylvania Railroad pierced the fog and frigid air in the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania.” | |
| $24.95 | |
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Bibliography
Alexander, Edwin P. On the Main Line: The Pennsylvania Railroad in the 19th Century. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1971.
Altoona Mirror. “‘Shocking’ Quiet Over Wreck Scene.” February 18, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “13-inch Snow Impedes City.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “200 Asked to Serve on Train Wreck Jury, Says Blair Coroner.” May 7, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “24th Victim in Wreck Dies at Hospital; Detroit Woman Succumbs to Injuries Suffered in Red Arrow Crash.” February 24, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “37 Remain at City Hospital.” February 24, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Altoona Mail Clerk Killed.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Another Injured Man Identified.” February 18, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “City Brakeman, Conductor Were First on Scene.” February 22, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Coroner Performs Grim Task in Identifying Wreck Victims.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Coroner’s Jury Exonerates Crew of Red Arrow from Blame in Wreck.” May 7, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Disaster Units Win Praise for Yeoman Service.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Engineman Tells His Story of Red Arrow Wreck.” May 7, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Fireman Says Wrecked Train Threw Sparks; Probers Hear Conflicting Testimony on Red Arrow Speed at Curve.” February 25, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “First Red Arrow Engine Is Raised at Bennington.” March 10, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Former Red Cross Worker Is Heroine in Pennsy Wreck.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Four Injured in Wrecks Go to Their Homes.” March 10, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Funeral Rites Announced for Wreck Victims.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Giant Cranes Combine Efforts to Salvage Red Arrow Locomotives.” March 11, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “ICC Probe in Pennsy Wreck Is Postponed.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “List of Dead in Train Wreck.” February 18, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “List of Injured in Wreck.” February 18, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Mail Clerk Is Hurt Fatally in Wreckage.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Mercy Reports No Change in Wreck Victims.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Michael S. Billig.” October 20, 1982.
Altoona Mirror. “Midgets Recover in Hospital.” February 22, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Midgets’ Rest Day Put Them on Wrecked Train.” February 22, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Mirror Staff Among First at PRR Wreck.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “More Victims of PRR Wrecks Go to Homes.” March 6, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “More Victims of Wreck Able to Leave City.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “More Victims of Wrecks Are Able to Leave.” March 3, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Nine Sailors Are Commended for Aid Given PRR Passengers.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Passengers in Coach Tell of Harrowing Scenes at Wreck.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Pennsy Plans to Raise Two Locomotives; Workmen Start Building Tramway Down Slope to Pull Huge Engines to Top.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Plan Removal of Last Wreck Victim Bodies; Husband and Children of Detroit Woman Will Accompany Remains.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Plasma, Flown by Red Cross, Aids Injured.” February 18, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Portage Woman Crawls from Wrecked Coach.” February 18, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Probe Into PRR Train Wreck Begins; Report Shows 22 Dead, Seven Listed Critical.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Pullman Wreck Victim Leaves Mercy Hospital.” March 10, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Rabbi, Badly Injured in Wreck, Tells of Passengers Praying.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Red Arrow Wreckage Yields 2 Mail Sacks.” March 8, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Red Cross Is Identifying Wreck Victims.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Revised List Shows Death Toll Now 22; Identification of Bodies Made Throughout Night; One Still Tentative.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Snow Clearance Work Proceeds.” February 24, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Soldier Wreck Victim Moved.” February 25, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Soldier’s Body Removed.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “State Police Retain Patrol at Wreck Site.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Temperatures.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Three Victims of Wreck Able to Leave City.” February 27, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “To Bring Red Arrow Coaches to Local Shops.” February 26, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Train Wreck Victim Taken to Army Base.” February 25, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Tragedy of Mail Clerks.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Two Children Slept Through PRR Wreck.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Two Victims of Bennington Wreck Leave.” March 1, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Two Victims of Wreck Are Still Serious.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Tyrone Mail Clerk Writes Will Awaiting Rescue.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Whole Family Rode Wrecked Train Tuesday.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Wreck Victim Leaves Mercy.” March 1, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Wreck Victim To Be Buried.” February 26, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Wreck Victims Are Improving.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Wreck Victims Leave Hospital.” February 24, 1947.
Altoona Mirror. “Wrecked Cars Are Separated.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “‘Car Bumped and Flew’ Says Passenger.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “12 Physicians Called to Aid Victims.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Chas. Morgan Dies Aiding Wreck Victims.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Crew of Freight Says Red Arrow Was Too Fast.” February 25, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Death Ends Brief Honeymoon of ‘Red Arrow’ Passengers.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Emergency Services Give Quick Aid.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Heaviest Snow Storm of Winter Covers Entire State.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “ICC Probe on Wreck Is Postponed.” February 21, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “ICC to Hold Inquiry into Red Arrow Wreck Friday; Death Toll Stands at 22; 51 Victims of Wreck Remain in Hospitals; Inquest to be Held.” February 20, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Many Wreck Victims Leave Hospitals.” February 26, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Officials Seek Cause of Pullman Crash.” March 3, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Philip J. Leiden.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Pile Ramp To Be Used in Raising Locomotives.” February 22, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Red Arrow Salvage Work Is Delayed.” February 27, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Red Arrow Was Being Operated Safely, Coroner’s Jury Finds; Derailment Cause Unknown, Is Verdict at Wreck Inquest.” May 7, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Second Bride Among Victims of Red Arrow Wreck Dies.” February 25, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Sidelights on Wreck.” February 19, 1947.
Altoona Tribune. “Wreck Heroine Identified at Hospital.” February 22, 1947.
Associated Press. “At Least 20 Are Killed in Early Morning Wreck Of Pennsy’s ‘Red Arrow.’” Gettysburg Times. February 18, 1947.
Associated Press. “Crewmen Say Red Arrow Speed was 35–45 MPH; ‘Fiery Sparks’ Flew from Braked Wheels, One Witness Asserts.” Johnstown Tribune. February 25, 1947.
Associated Press. “Death Strikes in Red Arrow’s Mail Service Car.”Johnstown Tribune. February 19, 1947.
Associated Press. “Death Toll in Train Wreck Mounts to 20; 100 Hurt; 2-Engine Express Jumps Off Track.” Mason City Globe-Gazette. February 18, 1947.
Associated Press. “ICC to Investigate Wreck of Red Arrow; Toll Lowered to 22.” Williamsport Gazette and Bulletin. February 20, 1947.
Associated Press. “Red Arrow Death Toll At 23; Official Inquiry Commences.” Clearfield Progress. February 24, 1947.
Associated Press. “Red Arrow Going Unusually Fast Near Curve, Altoona Crew Says; Crew of Parked Freight Tells ICC Investigators Train Was Doing 45.” Altoona Tribune. February 25, 1947.
Associated Press. “Red Arrow Not Speeding, Coroner’s Jury Holds; Train Traveling at Reasonable Rate Just Before Fatal Wreck, Witnesses Say.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 7, 1947.
Associated Press. “Red Arrow Okay at Pittsburgh, PRR Men Testify.” Johnstown Tribune. February 24, 1947.
Azeles, Janet. Telephone Interview with the Author. December 9, 2009.
Baer, Christopher. Telephone Interview with the Author. October 1, 2009.
Ball, Don. The Pennsylvania Railroad: 1940s–1950s. Chester, Vermont: Elm Tree Books, 1986.
Beebe, Lucius, and Charles Clegg. The Trains We Rode: Volume II. Berkeley, California: Howell-North Books, 1966.
Bej, Mark D. “PRR Interlocking Diagrams: Altoona to Pittsburgh: Main Line.” www.broadway.pennsyrr.com. August 25, 2009.
Bell, Kurt. “Tears, Trains, and Triumphs.” www.rrmuseumpa.org. January 3, 2010.
Blueprint Office of the Chief Engineer. “Blueprint for Warning Device at Bennington Curve.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 26, 1947.
Brady, Harry William. “Handwritten Note on Manuscript,” April 20, 2010.
Brantlinger, James T. “Soldier Breaks Leg and Frets about Buddies.” Altoona Mirror. February 18, 1947.
Brinker, Russell C. Elementary Surveying. Scranton, Pennsylvania: International Textbook Company, 1969.
Brunatti, Alfonso. Personal Interview with the Author. August 1, 2009.
Cavrich, John V. Telephone Interview with the Author. February 9, 2010.
Clark, Richard. Wreck of the Red Arrow. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Infinity Publishing Company, 2009.
Clement, Martin W. “Letter to F.G. Gurley.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 21, 1947.
Clement, Martin W. “Letter to K.T. Keller.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 24, 1947.
Clement, Martin W. “Letter to N.F.S. Russell.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 21, 1947.
CMD. “Overturning Speed of K4s Locomotive.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 20, 1947.
CMD. “Overturning Speed of Tender.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 20, 1947.
Conlon, John. Telephone Interview with the Author. August 17, 2009.
Conlon, John. Personal Interview with the Author. September 15, 2009.
Conrad, Brent. “Wreck at Bennington Curve: Red Arrow ’47. Altoona, Pennsylvania: Media Center, Altoona Public Library.
Corbett, James, Jr. Telephone Interview with the Author. September 11, 2009.
Cover, H.T. “Letter to J.L. Gressitt Defining Equilibrium, Safe, Comfortable, and Overturning Speeds of Locomotives.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 19, 1947.
Cox, Sandy. Telephone Interview with the Author. February 8, 2010.
Cresson Mainliner. “Red Arrow Wreck Incident Recalled by Cresson Man.” February 11, 1962.
Culley, Nettie. “Letter to the Author.” February 15, 2010.
Culley, Nettie. Telephone Interview with the Author. February 10, 2010.
Daily Courier. “Red Arrow Wreck.” February 19, 1947.
Dubbs, George. Telephone Interview with the Author. November 18, 2009.
Dyke, Herman A. “Wreck of Red Arrow Snuffs Out Lives of Six Railway Postal Clerks.” The Railway Post Office. Volume XLVIII, Number 8, 1947. pp. 23-24.
Eardley, William. Telephone Interview with the Author. February 10, 2010.
Engineering Staff of H.T. Cover. “Table on Technical Specifications Requested by the Interstate Commerce Commission of Four Cars in Red Arrow.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 20, 1947.
Ernest, E.E. “Bulletin No. 155.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 18, 1947.
Evening News. “360 Blood Plasma Units Sent for Wreck Victims.” February 18, 1947.
Evening News. “Survivors of Ill-Fated Red Arrow.” Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, February 18, 1947.
Fair, Phillip W. “City Organized to Assist in Rail Disaster.” Altoona Mirror. February 18, 1947.
Figard, Os. “Red Arrow Was Derailed in 1947.” Altoona Mirror. July 6, 1978.
Fischer, Ian S. Personal Interview with the Author. August 18, 2009.
Fischer, Ian S. “Letter to the Author.” March 12, 2010.
Folmar, John Kent, and Ivan W. Saunders. “Some Reflections on Railroad Development in Western Pennsylvania.” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine. Volume 65, Number 4, 1982.
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Frey, Robert L. “Rails, Roadbed, and Track Gauge.” Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Railroads in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Bruccoli Clark Layman Book and Facts on File, 1988.
Friol, L.N. “Letter to Paul Seel on General Dimensions of Pullman Cars.” Pullman Company. November 16, 1950.
Gallitzin Area Tourist Council. “Tunnels Park and Museum.” 2006.
Getty, Clair E. and Leonard Mendlowitz. “Pittsburgh Girl Named ‘Sally’ Heroine in Train Disaster.” Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, February 18, 1947.
Glass, Dennis. Personal Interview with the Author. December 4, 2009.
Glass, Dennis. Telephone Interview with the Author. June 12, 2009.
Goshorn, Roy B. Telephone Interview with the Author. February 18, 2010.
Griffith, H.C. “Memorandum on Meeting of Assistant Chief Engineer for Traction, Communication, and Signals and Other Engineers of the Pennsylvania Railroad.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 21, 1947.
Gurley, Fred G. “Letter to Martin W. Clement.” February 18, 1947.
Harrisburg Telegraph. “Survivors Tell of Horror, Confusion,” February 18, 1947.
Hart, David C. “Email to the Author.” November 18, 2009.
Hart, David C. Telephone Interview with the Author. June 10, 2009.
Haupt, H.H. “Memorandum from H.H. Haupt to H.T. Cover Requesting Specifications of Cars in Red Arrow for Interstate Commerce Commission.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 20 1947.
Hepler, Carlyle. Telephone Interview with the Author. March 16, 2010.
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International News Service. “Arrow Wreck Inquest Tuesday; Blair County Coroner Schedules Inquest At Altoona, 24 Died, 138 Injured.” New Castle News. May 5, 1947.
International News Service. “Fatally-Injured Tyrone Man Dictates His Will; Pinned in Wreckage of Red Arrow.” Johnstown Tribune. February 19, 1947.
International News Service. “Nearly All Wreck Dead Identified.”Daily Courier. February 19, 1947.
Interstate Commerce Commission. Investigation No. 3078: The Pennsylvania Railroad Company: Report in re Accident Near Gallitzin, PA on February 18, 1947.
Washington, DC. April 6, 1947.
J.F.D. “Memorandum to Martin W. Clement on Speed Recorder.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 19, 1947.
James, Candice. Personal Interview with the Author. August 1, 2009.
Johnstown Tribune. “As Rescuers Remove Trapped Victims.” February 18, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “20 Killed, 80 Injured in PRR Wreck Near Gallitzin; Red Arrow Derailed; 2 Engines, 7 Cars Leave Track, Roll Down 400 Feet.” February 18, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “Cambria County Red Cross Unit Aids Survivors.” February 18, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “County Doctors Treat Victims of PRR Accident; Set Up First-Aid Station an Hour After Disaster.” February 18, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “Former Colver Resident Killed in Train Crash.” February 19, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “Frank S. Turek Is 23rd To Die in Red Arrow Wreck.” February 24, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “List of Injured in PRR Train Wreck.” February 18, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “New Jersey Red Cross Girl Sang to Travelers Trapped in Coach.” February 21, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “Portage Girl Was in Pullman That Turned Over; Anna Yurkonis Says It Took 45 Minutes to Find Way Up to Tracks.” February 19, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “Second Bride Dies of Injuries Received in Red Arrow Crash.” February 25, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “Three-Pronged Probe of PRR Wreck Continues; ICC Plans Hearing Tomorrow Morning, Pittsburgh Depot.” February 20, 1947.
Johnstown Tribune. “Two Cambria County Natives, Both Mail Clerks, Lose Lives in PRR Disaster at Gallitzin.” February 20, 1947.
Keller, W.M. “Letter to C.K. Steins on Damage to Cars on the Red Arrow.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 21, 1947.
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Keys, Edgar H. “Special to The Herald: Red Arrow ’47 Wreck Recalled.” Tyrone Daily Herald. September 12, 1975.
Kirsch, Mary Grace. “23 Die, 141 Hurt as ‘Red Arrow’ Goes Over Bank at Bennington; Two Engines, Five Cars Plunge into 200-Foot Gulley.” Altoona Tribune. February 19, 1947.
Kirsch, Mary Grace. “Crew from Freight Train Are First Red Arrow Rescuers.” Altoona Tribune. February 22, 1947.
Kirsch, Mary Grace. “Lone Survivor of Red Arrow Engine Crew Tells of Wreck.” Altoona Tribune. February 24, 1947.
Kirsch, Mary Grace. “Trapped Victim Pleads for Water.” Altoona Tribune. February 19, 1947.
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LaCoe, Jean. “A Plunge into History.” Johnstown Tribune-Democrat. February 16, 1947.
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Moran, Maurice. “Train Wreck Struck Like ‘Block-Buster.’” Altoona Tribune. February 19, 1947.
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Office of Mechanical Engineering. “Statement Showing Information Pertinent to the Construction of Four PRR Passenger Cars Involved in Accident on Bennington Curve on February 18, 1947.” Pennsylvania Railroad. February 21, 1947.
Oswalt, Muriel Daubenspeck. Telephone Interview with the Author. August 25, 2009.
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Pennsylvania Railroad. Timetable. January 19, 1947.
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United Press. “20 Dead in Altoona Train Wreck PRR’s ‘Red Arrow’ Plunges Over Bank; 35 Hurt In Crash Altoona.” Chester Times. February 18, 1947.
United Press. “Cold Delays Salvage Job.” Altoona Mirror. February 27, 1947.
United Press. “Employees Say Engines O.K.” Altoona Mirror. February 24, 1947.
United Press. “ICC Wreck Probe to Open Monday.” Johnstown Tribune. February 21, 1947.
United Press. “Local Man Testifies.” Johnstown Tribune. February 25, 1947.
United Press. “Toll in Red Arrow Crash Mounts; 22 Dead Listed and 141 on Injured Rolls.” Johnstown Tribune. February 19, 1947.
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